विषमवृत्ति

Viṣama Vṛtti

Unequal fluctuation breathing

Sources: Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā 2.11-12 · Gheraṇḍa Saṃhitā 5.55-57

Classical description

The Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā (2.11-12) establishes the classical ratio:

“One should inspire through iḍā during 16 mātrās, retain during 64 mātrās, and exhale through piṅgalā during 32 mātrās.”

This 1:4:2 ratio is the foundation of Viṣama Vṛtti. Viṣama means unequal or asymmetric, indicating that the phases have different durations, calculated for specific effects on prāṇa.

Technique

  1. Sit in a stable meditative posture
  2. First establish a comfortable Sama Vṛtti practice
  3. Gradually introduce unequal ratios

Classical ratio 1:4:2:

  • Inhale 4 seconds
  • Retain 16 seconds
  • Exhale 8 seconds

Safe progression:

  • Level 1: 4:8:8 (1:2:2) — emphasis on moderate retention
  • Level 2: 4:12:8 (1:3:2) — increase retention
  • Level 3: 4:16:8 (1:4:2) — classical ratio
  • Level 4: 8:32:16 (1:4:2) — same ratio, longer duration

Practice 8-12 cycles. Never force the retention.

Effects according to the texts

The Gheraṇḍa Saṃhitā describes three levels of practice:

  • Adhama (inferior): produces sweating
  • Madhyama (middle): produces trembling
  • Uttama (superior): produces levitation (elevation of prāṇa)

Traditional effects:

  • Significantly increases kumbhaka capacity
  • Deeply purifies the nāḍīs
  • Generates internal heat (tapas)
  • Awakens dormant subtle energies
  • Develops control over prāṇa
  • Prepares for advanced prāṇāyāmas and samādhi

Notes

Viṣama Vṛtti represents the classical prāṇāyāma of Haṭha Yoga, where asymmetric ratios have specific purposes: prolonged retention (4 times the inhalation) is where true pranic alchemy occurs. It should be developed very gradually — the texts warn that incorrect practice causes harm. Never practice on a full stomach or during illness. It is essential to master Sama Vṛtti before attempting these ratios. Guidance from an experienced teacher is highly recommended.