Confusion alone is the cycle of existence, confusion alone is the bond; from confusion difficulty is born, from confusion everything inverted.

Three equations, one solution. The identification moha = saṃsāra = bandhana reduces every existential problem to a single factor. Saṃsāra is not the world but the confused relationship with the world; bandhana is not the prison but the belief in it. The repetition of moha eva — confusion alone — eliminates alternative candidates: it is not karma, not daiva, not kāla that is responsible. The final equation expands: not only kaṣṭa but sarvaṃ viparyayam — everything inverted, all that appears to be the opposite of what it is. Pleasure that is painful, love that is possessive, security that is a prison: all of this is moha. Liberation is not multiple; there is no political, economic, or spiritual liberation as separate categories. There is a single awakening that dissolves all viparyaya simultaneously. Moha is not combated piece by piece; it is seen as moha, and the seeing itself is its cessation.

Three equations, one solution. The identification moha = saṃsāra = bandhana reduces every existential problem to a single factor. Saṃsāra is not the world but the confused relationship with the world; bandhana is not the prison but the belief in it. The repetition of moha eva — confusion alone — eliminates alternative candidates: it is not karma, not daiva, not kāla that is responsible. The final equation expands: not only kaṣṭa but sarvaṃ viparyayam — everything inverted, all that appears to be the opposite of what it is. Pleasure that is painful, love that is possessive, security that is a prison: all of this is moha. Liberation is not multiple; there is no political, economic, or spiritual liberation as separate categories. There is a single awakening that dissolves all viparyaya simultaneously. Moha is not combated piece by piece; it is seen as moha, and the seeing itself is its cessation.