The light of all lights, it is said to be beyond darkness; knowledge, the object of knowledge, reached by knowledge, situated in the heart of all.

The supreme jyotis — luminosity — that illuminates even the sun and stars. This is not physical light but consciousness itself, the precondition for all perception.

Beyond darkness (tamasaḥ param) — transcending not only physical night but the tamas of ignorance that veils self-knowledge.

Situated in the hṛdaya — heart — of all beings. Not the physical heart but the spiritual center where individual and universal consciousness meet.