Dispassion toward the objects of the senses, and also absence of egotism, the vision of evil in birth, death, old age, disease and suffering.

Vairāgya is not mere aversion but clear seeing (anudarśanam) of the defects (doṣa) inherent in conditioned existence. This vision naturally loosens attachment.

Birth, death, old age and disease are the four gates of suffering that mark all embodied existence. To see their problematic nature is the beginning of disenchantment (nirveda).

Anahaṅkāra — absence of ego-identification — is crucial. The “I” that claims ownership over experiences is itself part of the field, not the true knower.